The Moving Sky: How Star Charts Map a Curved Sky

The moving sky above our head

Above our heads, the dark skies slowly change in appearance. We might think they are eternal and still because the cycle is not apparent to the eye, but in truth they move in an unending rhythm. What we see is not what our great-grandparents saw, and it is definitely not what the ancients saw. Like a top, Earth wobbles on its axis, completing an entire great cycle every 26,000 years. That wobble affects our view of the sky. The wobble is so slow we cannot feel it, but it is wide enough that the pole star changes. Polaris is our pole star now, but for the Egyptians who built the pyramids it was Thuban, and Vega will come after Polaris.

This is why there are two addresses for the stars. Fix your coordinates to the seasons and you get one set. Fix them to the stars themselves and you get another. The gap between them grows by a degree every 72 years. On this page we look at how the poles have wandered, why the zodiac no longer matches the constellations behind it, and how the planets wander against a background that is itself in motion.

The Wandering North Star

Watch the wanderings of the North Star through epochs of time.

The North Star

Why the stars aren’t where your ancestors saw them, the North Star won’t always be north. Earth wobbles, and skies turn.

Sidereal vs. Tropical

Two valid ways to fix a star’s position, one tied to the seasons and one to the stars, and the slowly widening gap between them.

Lahiri Ayanamsa

Modern Indian astronomy needed one exact number to separate the two zodiacs. This is how it was selected

Wandering Planets

The five wandering lights the ancients tracked by eye and how to find tonight’s planets in your own sky.

โœฆ  Astronomy Picture of the Day  โœฆ

TT Cygni: Carbon Star

March 4, 2001
Credit: H. Olofsson ( Stockholm Observatory ) et al.
See this entry on NASA's APOD โ†’
TT Cygni is a cool red giant star with a wind. This false-color picture of TT Cyg was made using a coordinated array of millimeter wavelength radio telescopes and shows radio emission from carbon monoxide (CO) molecules in the surrounding gas. The central emission is from material blown off the red giant over a few hundred years while the thin ring, with a radius of about 1/4 light-year, actually represents a shell of gas expanding outward for 6,000 years. Carbon stars like TT Cyg are so named for their apparent abundance of carbon containing molecules. The carbon is likely the dredged-up ashes of nuclear helium burning in the stellar interior. Carbon stars lose a significant fraction of their total mass in the form of a stellar wind which ultimately enriches the interstellar gas - the source of material for future generations of stars . TT Cyg is about 1,500 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus .