The Moving Sky: How Star Charts Map a Curved Sky

The moving sky above our head

Above our heads, the dark skies slowly change in appearance. We might think they are eternal and still because the cycle is not apparent to the eye, but in truth they move in an unending rhythm. What we see is not what our great-grandparents saw, and it is definitely not what the ancients saw. Like a top, Earth wobbles on its axis, completing an entire great cycle every 26,000 years. That wobble affects our view of the sky. The wobble is so slow we cannot feel it, but it is wide enough that the pole star changes. Polaris is our pole star now, but for the Egyptians who built the pyramids it was Thuban, and Vega will come after Polaris.

This is why there are two addresses for the stars. Fix your coordinates to the seasons and you get one set. Fix them to the stars themselves and you get another. The gap between them grows by a degree every 72 years. On this page we look at how the poles have wandered, why the zodiac no longer matches the constellations behind it, and how the planets wander against a background that is itself in motion.

The Wandering North Star

Watch the wanderings of the North Star through epochs of time.

The North Star

Why the stars aren’t where your ancestors saw them, the North Star won’t always be north. Earth wobbles, and skies turn.

Sidereal vs. Tropical

Two valid ways to fix a star’s position, one tied to the seasons and one to the stars, and the slowly widening gap between them.

Lahiri Ayanamsa

Modern Indian astronomy needed one exact number to separate the two zodiacs. This is how it was selected

Wandering Planets

The five wandering lights the ancients tracked by eye and how to find tonight’s planets in your own sky.

โœฆ  Astronomy Picture of the Day  โœฆ

Unusual Flashes Toward Globular Cluster M22

July 3, 2001
Credit: K. Sahu ( STScI ) et al., WFPC2 , HST , NASA Inset: N. A. Sharp , REU program / NOAO / AURA / NSF
See this entry on NASA's APOD โ†’
What is causing the unusual flashes behind globular cluster M22? This teeming ball of stars is the brightest globular cluster visible from Earth's northern hemisphere. M22 , shown in full in the inset, spans about 50 light-years and lies 8,500 light-years away toward the constellation of Sagittarius . M22's center was recently imaged repeatedly by the high resolution Hubble Space Telescope . Behind M22 are many more stars near the center of our Galaxy . Unexpectedly, several stars near the Galactic center -- well behind M22 -- appeared to nearly double in brightness and return to normal within 20 hours. One hypothesis posed to explain these quick brightness changes is the gravitational lens effect of large planets roaming freely in the cluster. One problem with this is that no such planetary population was previously known! Future observations are planned to better understand these mysterious flashes.