The Moving Sky: How Star Charts Map a Curved Sky

The moving sky above our head

Above our heads, the dark skies slowly change in appearance. We might think they are eternal and still because the cycle is not apparent to the eye, but in truth they move in an unending rhythm. What we see is not what our great-grandparents saw, and it is definitely not what the ancients saw. Like a top, Earth wobbles on its axis, completing an entire great cycle every 26,000 years. That wobble affects our view of the sky. The wobble is so slow we cannot feel it, but it is wide enough that the pole star changes. Polaris is our pole star now, but for the Egyptians who built the pyramids it was Thuban, and Vega will come after Polaris.

This is why there are two addresses for the stars. Fix your coordinates to the seasons and you get one set. Fix them to the stars themselves and you get another. The gap between them grows by a degree every 72 years. On this page we look at how the poles have wandered, why the zodiac no longer matches the constellations behind it, and how the planets wander against a background that is itself in motion.

The Wandering North Star

Watch the wanderings of the North Star through epochs of time.

The North Star

Why the stars aren’t where your ancestors saw them, the North Star won’t always be north. Earth wobbles, and skies turn.

Sidereal vs. Tropical

Two valid ways to fix a star’s position, one tied to the seasons and one to the stars, and the slowly widening gap between them.

Lahiri Ayanamsa

Modern Indian astronomy needed one exact number to separate the two zodiacs. This is how it was selected

Wandering Planets

The five wandering lights the ancients tracked by eye and how to find tonight’s planets in your own sky.

โœฆ  Astronomy Picture of the Day  โœฆ

The Gamma Ray Sky

January 12, 2002
Credit: EGRET Team , Compton Observatory , NASA
See this entry on NASA's APOD โ†’
What if you could see gamma rays ? If you could, the sky would seem to be filled with a shimmering high-energy glow from the most exotic and mysterious objects in the Universe. In the early 1990s NASA's orbiting Compton Observatory , produced this premier vista of the entire sky in gamma rays , photons with more than 40 million times the energy of visible light . The diffuse gamma-ray glow from the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy runs horizontally through the false-color image. The brightest spots in the galactic plane (right of center) are pulsars , spinning magnetized neutron stars formed in the violent crucibles of stellar explosions . Above and below the plane, quasars , believed to be powered by supermassive black holes, produce gamma-ray beacons at the edges of the universe. The nature of many of the fainter sources remains unknown .