The Moving Sky: How Star Charts Map a Curved Sky

The moving sky above our head

Above our heads, the dark skies slowly change in appearance. We might think they are eternal and still because the cycle is not apparent to the eye, but in truth they move in an unending rhythm. What we see is not what our great-grandparents saw, and it is definitely not what the ancients saw. Like a top, Earth wobbles on its axis, completing an entire great cycle every 26,000 years. That wobble affects our view of the sky. The wobble is so slow we cannot feel it, but it is wide enough that the pole star changes. Polaris is our pole star now, but for the Egyptians who built the pyramids it was Thuban, and Vega will come after Polaris.

This is why there are two addresses for the stars. Fix your coordinates to the seasons and you get one set. Fix them to the stars themselves and you get another. The gap between them grows by a degree every 72 years. On this page we look at how the poles have wandered, why the zodiac no longer matches the constellations behind it, and how the planets wander against a background that is itself in motion.

The Wandering North Star

Watch the wanderings of the North Star through epochs of time.

The North Star

Why the stars aren’t where your ancestors saw them, the North Star won’t always be north. Earth wobbles, and skies turn.

Sidereal vs. Tropical

Two valid ways to fix a star’s position, one tied to the seasons and one to the stars, and the slowly widening gap between them.

Lahiri Ayanamsa

Modern Indian astronomy needed one exact number to separate the two zodiacs. This is how it was selected

Wandering Planets

The five wandering lights the ancients tracked by eye and how to find tonight’s planets in your own sky.

โœฆ  Astronomy Picture of the Day  โœฆ

The Long Shadow of the Moon

November 27, 2003
Credit: Image courtesy J. Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team, GSFC , NASA
See this entry on NASA's APOD โ†’
The long shadow of the Moon fell across the continent of Antarctica on November 23rd , during the second solar eclipse of 2003. In this view from orbit, based on data from the MODIS instrument on board the Earth observing Aqua satellite, the Moon's shadow stretches for almost 500 kilometers. Recorded between 23:15 and 23:20 Universal Time, the shadow was cast by a lunar disk silhouetted by the Sun hanging only about 15 degrees above the antarctic horizon. Observers within the central dark portion of the oval-shaped shadow could view the totally eclipsed sun . Shadows of mountains and clouds are also visible over the Norwegian named Queen Maud Land , Antarctica with the South Pole just beyond the lower right corner of the image.